ENDOSCOPY

What is different types of endoscopy :

What is endoscopy :
Examination of the inside of the body by using lighted, flexible instrument called an endoscope. 
          Endoscopy is a non-surgical used to examine a person's digestive tract. Using an endoscope a flexible tube with a light & camera attached to it, doctor can view picture of digestive tract on a colour T. V. monitor. 




How to performe endoscope procedure:

In general, an endoscope is introduced into the body through a natural opening such as the mouth or anus. Although endoscope can include examination of other organs the most common endoscopy procedure evaluate the oesophagus stomach & portion of the intestine. 
                
Role of anesthesia :
Anesthesia is not give in all of the procedure of endoscopic procedure only give some specific endoscopic procedure like ERCP, hysteroscopy, cystoscopy, thoracoscopy, etc.
endoscopy is typically performed while the patient is conscious, although sometimes the patient will receive local anesthetia (commonly an anesthetic spray to the back of the throat) some time patient will sedated.

Upper GI ( Gastrointestinal ) endoscopy :
During an upper GI endoscopy, an endoscope is easily passed through the mouth & throat & into the oesophagus, stomach & upper part of the small intestine. 

-Indication of upper GI endoscopy 

-Heartburn/retrostenal burning

-Long standing dyspesia

-Bleeding duration vomiting 

-Also related to previous upper GI surgeries. 

-Work up for some procedure such as bariatric surgery 

-Suspected gastric malignancy 

-Tumour or abnormal tissue growth 

-Hiatus hernia

Lower gastro intestinal endoscopy :

Similarly, endoscope can be pased into the large intestine (colon) through the rectum to examine this area of the intestine.this procedure is called sigmoidoscopy 




#Indication of lower gastro intestinal endoscopy

-Lower GI bleeding 

-Chronic constipation 

-Any mass producing out of the anus.

-Rectal prolapse 

-Chronic diarrhoea 

-Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

-Worm infection 

-Acute/ chronic colitis

-Pouchitis  
   
In additional doctor may use an endoscope  to take a biopsy (remove a small piece of tissue) to look and identify for the presece of disease

Endoscopy may also be used to treat a digestive track problem, for example, the endoscopy might not only detect active bleeding from an ulcer, but device can be passed  through the endoscopic than can stop the bleeding. In the colon, polyps can be removal through the scope to prevent the development of colon cancer& send for biopsy if it is necessary according to doctor. 

                  Also using ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholengiopancreato graphy)
For visualization of common bile duct.
Overall, endoscopy is very safe however, the procedure.

#Symptoms of endoscopy :

-dark coloured stool

-shortness of breathe 

-severe/ persistent abdominal pain

-chest pain

-ulcer

-gastritis or difficulty swallowing

-changes in bowels habits

#Complications with endoscopy :

-Perforation 

-reaction to sedation

-infection 

-bleeding 

-pancreatitis as a result of ERCP.

#Different types of endoscopy :

Endoscopic fall into categories based on the area of the body that they investigates.

1.Arthroscopy: Arthroscopy is used to examine patients joints. The scope is inserted through small incision near the joint  being examined.


2.Bronchoscopy:This is used to examine lungs. The scope is inserted into nose or mouth.

3.Colonoscopy:This scope is used to examine colon.the scope is inserted through anus.

4.Cystoscopy: cystoscopy is used to examine patient bladder. The scope is inserted through urethre.which is the hole through the urethra.



5.Enteroscopy:Enteroscopy is used to examine small intestine. The scope is inserted through mouth or anus.

6.Hysteroscopy -This scope is used for examining the inside of your uterus. The scope is inserted through vagina.


7.Laparoscopy: Laparoscope (10mm telescope ) is used to examine our abdominal and pelvic area.This is scope is inserted through a small incision near the belly botton near thats being examined.

8.Larnygoscopy : This scope is used to examine the area of voice box or larnyx. The scope is inserted through mouth or nostrils. 

9.Mediastinoscopy or thoracoscopy : This scope is used to examine the between the lungs called the mediastinum. The scope is inserted through an incision above your breastbone.
    
10.Ureteroscopy: It is used to examine ureter. The scope is inserted through your urethra

11.Esophagogastroduodenoscopy:It is used to examine oesophagus, stomach & deudenum.

12.Rectoscopy:It is used to examine rectum 

13.Anoscopy:It is used to examine anus.

14.Rhinoscopy:It is used to examine nose.

15.Otoscopy: This scope inserted through the ear.It is used to examine ear.

16.colposcopy:this scope inserted through the vagina.It is used to examine cervix

17.Falloposcopy:This scope is inserted through the vagina. It is used to examine fallopian tube.

Fast facts on endoscopy:

 some key points about endoscopy. detail and supporting information is in the main article.

Endoscopies are quick and relatively safe procedures.

The first endoscope was designed in 1806.

The main reasons for endoscopy are investigation, confirmation, and treatment.

Endoscopy can be used to remove tumors or polyps from the digestive tract.


Endoscopy also used in some surgical procedure like sleeve gastrectomy and also some upper gastrointestinal surgery and also with other procedure like sonography. 

REMARK:ENDOSCPIC PROCEDURE USUALLY PERFORMED BY GASTROINTESTINAL SPECIALIST. 






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