Laparoscopic & urology

What is video assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) : Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure for  diagnose and treat problems in chest like for taking biopsy tissue for diagnose disease or cancer, remove collected plureal fluid and air due to any trauma and lung disease. This procedure done by Thoracic surgeron in the operation theatre under the general anesthesia.  Indication for the surgery : -Resection of pulm, nodule  -Bullectomy -Lung Bx/ lobectomy -Pneumonectomy -Pericardial window -Aspirations of pleural fluid -staging of lung cancer with pleural effusion and of diffuse malignant mesothelioma. -Diffuse lung disease by taking biopsy form inside. -Pleural biopsy taken from parietal pleura and also taken from intercostal space and reduce the risk of hemorrhage.  -Typically two to six biopsies of pleural lesions will established the diagnosis. -Surgery to relieve excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) -Surgery to treat certain ty...

WHAT IS CYSTOSCOPY?  cystoscopy is a endoscopic procedure to diagnose or inspect the bladder and urethra, investigate specific urological conditions or treat  including enlargement of prostate gland and other abnormal finding in the urethra and bladder.  Cystoscopy is a usually simple outpatient procedure with local anesthesia in normal patient but in some cases this procedure done under the short general anesthesia and full general anesthesia,  spinal anesthesia.  Cystoscopy is done for diagnosis : -Blood in the urine -Urinary retention, Inability or difficulty to pass urine (emptying bladder ) -Pain with urination -Repeated infection  -Abnormal findings on x-ray, CT-scan, MRI or other imaging test.  Cystoscopy is done for the treatment and diagnose the problem  of bladder conditions like tumour, inflammation prostate and urethra condition like enlarged prostate, scar tissue and urethral strictures.  In this procedure if done under the local...

Hopkins Telescope : Telescope invented by hopkins in 1953. And telescope is the single most expensive unit in the optics.this is used in endoscope surgery like laparoscopy, cystoscopy, thoracoscopy, arthroscopy, rhinoplasty, ureteroscopy etc.The telescope is connected with a video camera and records the video of diagnostic procedure and surgery.  Telescope has two parts one part of telescope is rod lanes and another is fibre optics. Inside of the telescope is rod lanes surrounded by the fibre optics Telescope part has eyepiece, light adopter and shaft, object lanes for taking image.                       Rigid telescope  Telescope has three important properties : 1.Diameter  2.Optical axis 3.No. of rod lanes If more number of rod lanes have better resolution.  If more diameter is there combined with light give big view feild of vision.  And optical axis is between the longitudinal axis and centre of the fiel...

Diagnostic laparoscopy : Diagnostic laparoscopy is a minimally access surgical procedure that allows the visual examination and documention of intra abdominal organ in order to detect pathology by two ports. this procedure  always performed by two ports technique. Surgeon hold the camera and instruments himself to perform diagnostic laparoscopy. Diagnostic laparoscopy was first introduced in 1901 by kelling, He performed it on dog. A swedish internist named. Jacobaeusc is credited with performing the first diagnostic laparoscopy on human in 1910 for ascitis.  The image of the liver, stomach, intestine,, gallbladder, spleen, peritoneum and pelvic organ can be viewed by the diagnostic laparoscopy.  Mostly diagnostic laparoscopy done with hysteroscopy procedure for the further treatment of infertility and identify for fallopian tube and ovary.  Diagnostic Laparoscopy in female  means to know the cause for the discomfort or fertility issues. Common reasons for under...

WHAT IS LIGASURE?  Ligasure is a vessel sealing instruments,  it helps to vessel sealing during the surgery it can fuse or seal upto 7mm, lymphatic and tissue bundles and has an average seal cycle of two to four seconds in most surgical suitation.  This instruments used in laparoscopic and as well as open surgery.          Ligasure for laparoscopic surgery  Benefits of ligasure : It has highest burst pressure, fastest sealing time Reduce blood loss compared to suture and clips  Reduce procedure time compared to suture.  Reduce patient length of compared to suture. forcep for open surgery  What is the difference between monopolar, bipolar and ligasure?  In valleylab cautery machine there are two basic electric surgical current one is monopolar another is bipolar  monopolar is very good because has lots of function it has cut it can blunt it can fulgrate it can desicate so, monopolar is essential but it has big complica...

What is harmonic scalpel ? how to do its assemble?  Harmonic scalpel is basically ultrasonic energy. The technical name of harmonic machine is ultrasonic generator. Harmonic machine does not use electric current and also does not cook and never burn. Most important things is harmonic machine its converted mechanical energy into heat energy it is not converted into electrical energy.  Harmonic scalpel probe Harmonic scalpel its means it work like and cut like scalpel (blade) but this name is trade name which belongs to the ethicon company but it technically name is ultrasonic generator or ultrasonic dissector which is correct name we used. Harmonic scalpel produce energy like  friction energy for example we rub our both hand and its proceduce heat. Exactly same way  energy proceduce in this. It has friction energy due to which there is no chance of burn means electrical burn there may be heat but not electric current.  Harmonic scalpel has a transducer and it has...

What is salpingectomy? Salpingectomy is the surgical procedure  in this if one side of the (unilateral) or both side of the (bilateral) fallopian tubes are removed.  Fallopian tubes helps to move  eggs  from the ovaries in to the uterus and also helps in fertilization to gets pregnancy.  partial salpingectomy is only part  of a fallopian tube will  removed. salpingostomy or  neosalpingostomy is when  surgeon makes an opening in the fallopian tube to remove its contents. tube is not removed. Salpingectomy mostly  done  with other oophorectomy, hysterectomy , and cesarean  section. #Causes of Salpingectomy : -an ectopic pregnancy (in this feotus stuck in fallopian tube than its life -threaning conditions and emergency conditions to perform surgery. -a blocked fallopian tube (tube block by any abnormal growth tissue within the tube ) -Pelvic inflammatory disease.  -Infertility  -Smoking  -Endometriosis  -a rupt...